Cua turbine swb rings yog cov txheeb ze me me rau cov hniav lossis lub thawv iav, tab sis ib qho kev sib cuag tsis zoo tuaj yeem nres lub tshuab ntau - megawatt. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog hloov lub hwj chim, tswj cov teeb liab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv hla lub rotating interfaces hauv lub hub, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab qee zaum yaw sib dhos. Thaum qhov kev hloov pauv no tsis ruaj khov, qhov tshwm sim feem ntau tshwm sim raws li qhov ua tsis raug, cov ntaub ntawv sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub sensor, lossis tsis tau teem caij rau -cov kev pabcuam pej thuam mus ntsib - thiab hauv cov chaw nyob sab nraud, ib qho kev hloov pauv ib zaug tuaj yeem raug nqi ntau dua li lub nplhaib nws tus kheej.
Phau ntawv qhia no yog sau rau engineers, asset managers, thiab procurement teams uas yuav tsum xaivcua turbine swb ringsrau kev tsim tshiab, retrofits, los yog hloov. Nws npog qhov twg rings nyob rau hauv lub turbine, yuav ua li cas lawv ua tsis tau tejyam, yuav ua li cas qhia, thiab yuav ua li cas los sib piv kev sib cuag technologies yam tsis tau poob rau hauv ib qho kev xaiv cuab.
Cua Turbine Slip Rings Ua li cas
Lub nplhaib plam yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm electromechanical uas tso cai rau cov hluav taws xob thiab cov teeb liab circuits hla los ntawm ib qho chaw ruaj khov rau hauv ib qho kev sib hloov. Hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no - nplai turbine, koj feem ntau pom cov nplhaib uas nqa peb yam kev khiav tsheb ib zaug:
- Pitch lub cev muaj zog rau lub kaum sab xis hloov kho
- Tswj thiab tawm tswv yim teeb liab nruab nrab ntawm lub suab system thiab lub ntsiab tswj
- Cov ntaub ntawv sensor xws li hniav lim, kub, vibration, thiab dej khov
Pitch tswj yog qhov kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws - channel tseem ceeb ntawm peb.IEC 61400 - Tshooj 1Cov qauv cua turbine xav tau cov tshuab suab kom nyob twj ywm muaj peev xwm ntawm feathering cov hniav txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem txhaum cai, uas txhais tau hais tias lub nplhaib plam yuav tsum ua haujlwm los ntawm kev vibration, kub viav vias, condensation, thiab ntau lab ntawm kev sib hloov thoob plaws 20-xyoo tsim lub neej. Ib qho € 200 tivthaiv zaum hauv lub hub tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb 5 MW turbine tsim lossis zaum tsis ua haujlwm tos lub crane.
Qhov twg Slip Rings zaum hauv Cua Turbine
Kev xaiv logic txawv rau txhua qhov chaw. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm - piv txwv li, qhia txog lub hub generic tsim rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob excitation circuit - yog ib qho yuam kev kim dua hauv pawg no.
Hub Slip Rings (Pitch System)
Hub swb rings yog mounted ntawm lub ntsiab ncej thiab tig nrog lub rotor. Lawv nqa lub zog lub cev muaj zog (feem ntau 400-690 V AC lossis DC tsheb npav voltages), lub suab tswj cov cim (CANopen, Profibus, lossis cov txheej txheem tsim khoom), thiab ntau ntxiv ntawm cov hniav sensor raws. hub rings feem ntau loj - tho txawv tsim vim hais tias lub rotor ncej hla lawv, thiab lawv yuav tsum muaj sia nyob vibration spectra uas tawv dua li feem ntau cov khoom siv Hoobkas.
Generator Slip Rings (DFIG Tshuab)
Ua ob npaug -fed induction generators (DFIGs), tseem muaj nyob rau hauv onshore fleets, siv plam rings ntawm lub rotor los pub AC excitation tam sim no rau lub rotor windings. Cov no pom cov tam sim no siab (feem ntau ntau pua amperes), ntau dua kev sib hloov ceev, thiab cov pa roj carbon plua plav tseem ceeb. Txhuam qib, nplhaib nto tiav, lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav siab, thiab nacelle qhov cua txhua yam cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub neej kev pabcuam. Direct-tsav mus tas li- cov hlau nplaum turbines tsis xav tau lub nplhaib plam ntawm tag nrho - ib qho laj thawj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv platform tau txav mus rau ncaj qha - tsav.
Yaw Slip Rings
Feem ntau cov turbines loj siv lub voj voog cable thiab untwist niaj hnub siv lub nplhaib yaw plam, tab sis me me turbines (feem ntau qis dua ~ 500 kW) qee zaum siv lub nplhaib yaw plam ntawm tus pej thuam saum toj kawg nkaus kom muaj kev sib hloov tas mus li. Cov ntsej muag no qis qis dua tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua ib puag ncig thiab qhov chaw kaw ntom ntom.
Hub vs Generator vs Yaw
| Parameter | Hub (Pitch) | Generator (DFIG) | Yaw (Small Turbines) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yam ceev | Mus txog ~ 20 rpm | 900-2,000 rpm | <1 rpm |
| Hom tam sim no rau ib lub nplhaib | 10-63 A fais fab, ntxiv teeb liab | 200–1,500 A | 5–30 A |
| Chav kawm voltage | 400–690 V ntxiv rau qis-voltage teeb liab | 690V (rotor sab) | 230–400 V |
| Kev ntxhov siab loj | Vibration, condensation, teeb liab suab nrov | Txhuam hnav, plua plav, cua sov | Huab cua raug, ntsev pos huab |
| Tej channels | 20-60 (sib xyaw fais fab / teeb liab) | 3 lub zog + av | 4–24 |
| Cov txheej txheem ncua sij hawm | 12-24 lub hlis tshuaj xyuas | 3-12 lub hlis txhuam txhuam | 12 hli |
Cov txiaj ntsig saum toj no yog ntau yam los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom datasheets thiab OEM kev pabcuam phau ntawv; cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag rau koj lub tshuab yuav tsum ib txwm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv turbine thiab lub nplhaib xa khoom ntawm cov ntawv xeem.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Cua Turbine Slip Rings Tiag Tiag
"Slip nplhaib tsis ua hauj lwm" yog ib pawg vague. Hauv thaj teb, cov teeb meem yuav luag ib txwm taug qab mus rau ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv qab no - thiab txhua tus taw qhia rau qhov sib txawv tsim lossis kho kho.
- Txhuam hnav thiab plua plav buildup.Cov pa roj carbon thiab hlau- txhuam txhuam graphite tsim cov plua plav tawm thaum lawv hnav. Yog tsis muaj qhov cua, plua plav sau rau ntawm lub nplhaib pawg thiab tsim txoj hauv kev los ntawm cov nplhaib uas nyob ib sab, uas pom tau tias yog rwb thaiv tsev tiv thaiv poob qis dua 100 MΩ los yog qhov tsis zoo hauv av- kev ua txhaum cai.Txhuam hnav cov qauvfeem ntau yog thawj cov tsos mob uas tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas pom.
- Tiv tauj kuj nce.Oxidation, paug, lossis poob ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav siab nce kev tiv thaiv los ntawm milliohms mus rau hauv ohm ntau. Nyob rau hauv lub suab hluav taws xob Circuit Court no ua rau voltage poob thiab cua sov; ntawm qhov qis -tam sim no sensor kab nws tsa suab nrov hauv pem teb thiab tuaj yeem ua tsis raug CAN telegrams.
- Condensation thiab corrosion.Cov hub yog qhov chaw ntub dej - cov tshuab ua kom sov, cov hlau txias, cua puag ncig. Pitting ntawm lub nplhaib nto ua raws li sai sai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntug dej hiav txwv thiab offshore qhov chaw uas muaj ntsev aerosol. Rau offshore platforms, mob siab rauoffshore kev ntseeg tau ntsuasfeem ntau yog sau rau hauv spec.
- Kev co -vim hnav ntawm cabling thiab connectors.Lub nplhaib plam nws tus kheej yuav zoo, tab sis cov pigtail cables, strain reliefs, los yog connectors qaug zog ntawm qhov nkag. Qhov no muaj ntau tshaj li lub nplhaib- taug qab tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog hluas.
- Lubricant degradation.Qee cov qauv siv cov roj nplaum sib cuag lossis oxidation inhibitor. Thaum lub sij hawm nws polymerises los yog dries tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog saum toj no 60℃nacelle kub, thiab hu rau tus cwj pwm hloov.
- Rwb thaiv tsev tawg.Kev taug qab hla cov khoom thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau ntawm cov tsheb npav siab dua -voltage pitch buss. Qhov no yog ib qho nyuaj tsis ua hauj lwm, tsis yog degradation nkhaus.
Feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem no maj mam, thiab feem ntau tuaj yeem kuaj tau thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas - tab sis tsuas yog tias txoj kev tshuaj xyuas tiag tiag ntsuas kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, rwb thaiv tsev tiv thaiv, thiab txhuam ntev, tsis yog "saib hauv lub hub."
Kev Qhia Txog Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob
Ua ntej hu rau cov neeg muab khoom, sau lub hnab ntawv hluav taws xob rau ntawm daim ntawv. Cov neeg muab khoom yuav nug rau qhov twg los xij, thiab qhov kev thov -rau- nqe lus (RFQ) mus sai dua thaum cov lus teb tau txiav txim siab ua ntej.
- Tam sim no rau ib lub voj voog, ob qho tib si txuas ntxiv thiab ncov (lub suab lub cev muaj zog tam sim no tuaj yeem yog 3-6 × nominal).
- Chav kawm voltagethiab seb lub Circuit Court yog AC lossis DC. Rau 690 V systems, paub meej tias IEC 60664 overvoltage qeb III lossis IV siv.
- Tus naj npawb ntawm lub zog hluav taws xobpivtus naj npawb ntawm cov teeb liab / cov ntaub ntawv circuits, khaws cais.
- Teeb liab raws tu qauv- CANopen, Profibus DP, EtherCAT, Profinet, Ethernet 100/1000 Mbit, lossis analogue sensor kab. Txhua txoj cai muaj suab nrov sib txawv.
- Hluav taws xob nrov pob nyiaj sivrau sensor channel. Pitch encoders thiab load-pin strain gauges feem ntau xav tau millivolt-qib huv;tiv thaiv suab nrovnyob rau hauv lub nplhaib npliag yog ib feem ntawm kev ntsib cov peev nyiaj ntawd.
- Cov kev xav tau ntawm rwb thaiv tsev thiab dielectric- feem ntau Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 1,000 MΩ ntawm 500 V DC rau lub zog hluav taws xob, ntxiv rau lub zog- zaus tiv thaiv kev sim.
- Earthing. Ntau cov qauv tsim muaj xws li lub nplhaib sib cais hauv av lossis txhuam; rau xob laim- qhov chaw uas muaj kab mob no tsis yog- sib tham.
Xaiv qhov kev sib cuag Technology
Tsis muaj ib qho kev sib cuag tshuab yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau txhua daim ntawv thov cua turbine. Cov lus teb yog feem ntau yog hybrid uas siv cov thev naus laus zis sib txawv rau lub zog thiab cov teeb liab seem ntawm tib lub rooj sib txoos.
Carbon thiab Hlau -Graphite Txhuam
Cov pa roj carbon thiab nyiaj - graphite txhuam yog cov neeg ua haujlwm siab dua - daim ntawv thov tam sim no - generator excitation rings thiab pitch power buses. Lawv zam cov dej ntws siab, lees txais qee qhov sib kis, thiab pheej yig los hloov. Kev lag luam tawm -tawm yog hmoov av tsim, suab nrov, thiab xav tau kev tshuaj xyuas ib ntus ntawm txhuam ntev thiab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav siab. Covtxhuam qib(resin-bonded carbon, electrographite, hlau-graphite, tooj liab-graphite) yuav tsum phim cov khoom siv tam sim no.
Zoo tshaj plaws rau: suab lub cev muaj zog, lub tshuab hluav taws xob excitation, earthing. Saib rau: plua plav tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov teeb liab rings nyob ze, lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav siab drift, txhuam plua plav ntawm encoder optics yog mounted ze.
Fiber txhuam (Ntau-Filament) Cov kab mob
Fiber txhuam tsim siv pob khoom zoo kub lossis kub- cov hlau alloy uas caij rau ntawm lub nplhaib zoo nkauj - hlau. Nrog ntau cov ntsiab lus sib txuas sib txuas thiab kev sib tiv tauj tsawg heev rau ib lub filament, lawv tsim yuav luag tsis muaj khib nyiab thiab muaj suab nrov heev. Lawv yog cov kev xaiv tseem ceeb rau sensor thiab cov ntaub ntawv raws nyob rau hauv niaj hnub hub slip rings.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau: CAN/Profibus/Ethernet cov ntaub ntawv kab, hniav sensor teeb liab, qis- tswj tam sim no. Saib rau: txwv tam sim no ib pob filament (feem ntau<10 A), higher cost, and sensitivity to chemical contamination on the gold surface.
Monofilament thiab Noble -Hloov Hlau Tiv tauj
Monofilament noble-hloov kev sib cuag (ib leeg kub lossis kub- hlau alloy ntawm lub nplhaib muaj nuj nqis- hlau) zaum ntawm cov txhuam fiber ntau thiab cov txhuam hniav ib txwm muaj. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv compactkev cai nplaum nplhaibcov rooj sib txoos uas qhov chaw nruj.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau: qis- cov teeb liab tam sim no, hybrid sib dhos. Saib rau: plating hnav tom qab muaj kev sib hloov siab heev, thiab qhov tseeb tias "kub-plated" tsis zoo dua li - nyias kub hla ib lub substrate mos tuaj yeem hnav sai dua li cov nyiaj uas tau teev tseg - graphite txhuam.
Hybrid Designs
Nyob rau hauv ib tug raug hub slip nplhaib, lub hauv qab pawg nqa lub suab lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov pa roj carbon los yog hlau - graphite txhuam, nruab nrab pawg nqa teb- tsheb npav ntawm fiber ntau txhuam, thiab cov pawg sab saum toj ua haujlwm qis - cov kab tam sim no ntawm kub- ntawm - cov neeg kub. Earthing yog ntawm nws tus kheej lub nplhaib tshwj xeeb nrog cov txhuam tsis txhuam. Qhov kev sib cais no yog qhov tso cai rau ib qho kev sib dhos ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm qhov tsis sib xws (siab tam sim no + tsis tshua muaj suab nrov) tib lub sijhawm.
Environmental Specification: Tsis txhob nres ntawm "Industrial Qib"
"Industrial grade" qhia koj tsis muaj dab tsi pab tau. Cov lej hauv qab no yog cov uas tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv cua turbine spec.
- Ingress tiv thaiv.Hub sab hauv feem ntau yog IP54; offshore nacelles thiab raug yaw swb rings feem ntau xav tau IP65 lossis siab dua. SaibIP ntsuam xyuas kev txhais lusrau dab tsi tus lej tiag tiag lav.
- Ua haujlwm kub.Lub neej ntawd tsim nyog yog -40℃rau +70℃rau onshore sab qaum teb- chaw huab cua, -20℃rau +60℃rau temperate sites, thiab condensation-tswj rau offshore. Txias- huab cua variants xav tau cov roj nplua nyeem tau txheeb xyuas qhov kub thiab txias.
- Cov av noo.95% RH tsis yog -condensing yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus; rau cov chaw uas muaj cov hws tsis tu ncua, cov cua sov sab hauv yuav xav tau.
- Ntsev-mist resistance.Offshore thiab ntug hiav txwv turbines yuav tsum siv IEC 60068-2-52 los yog ISO 9227 ntsev-spray kuaj ntawm cov hlau thiab cov khoom sib txuas.
- Kev vibration.IEC 60068-2-6 sinusoidal thiab 2-64 random profiles yog cov ntsiab lus siv ntau; tus neeg muag khoom yuav tsum muab cov ntaub ntawv xeem, tsis yog kev thov kev lag luam.
- xob laim thiab surge.Pitch rings rings zaum ntawm txoj kev uas tuaj yeem pom cov hluav taws xob tsis ncaj. Surge withstand yuav tsum tau pom zoo ua ntej.
CovUS National Renewable Energy Laboratory qhov kev tshawb fawb cuatshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig -cov ntaub ntawv kev ntseeg siab uas qhia tias suab thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob tseem nyob hauv qhov siab dua - tsis ua hauj lwm - tus nqi subsystems hauv kev khiav hauj lwm fleets - uas yog vim li cas cov lej ib puag ncig yuav tsum nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus, tsis yog hais lus cog lus.
Mechanical thiab Integration Constraints
Retrofit tej yaam num ua tsis tau zoo ntawm txhua yam haum ntau dua li ntawm hluav taws xob kev ua tau zoo. Ua ntej pom zoo tsim, paub meej tias:
- Npog txoj kab uas hla thiab sab nraud tawm tsam lub hnab ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub hub los yog nacelle
- Ncej kam rau ua, runout, thiab concentricity pub
- Cable tawm kev taw qhia (axial vs radial) thiab connector hom - ntau turbines muaj tsawg heev cable khoov vojvoog
- Mounting flange qauv thiab torque caj npab anchoring
- Qhov hnyav thiab qhov sib npaug rau rotating sib dhos
- Kev pabcuam kev pabcuam - tus kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem ncav cuag lub qhov rai txhuam nrog lub tshuab ua haujlwm hauv txoj haujlwm?
Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, rau ntau retrofit thiab repower tej yaam num, mechanical constraints txiav txim siab tus tsim ua ntej hluav taws xob sawv daws yuav. Qhov ntawd yog thaum configurable los yog tag nrho cov kev cai los ua ke yog ntau sensible tshaj yuam ib tug catalog ib feem kom haum.
Yuav xa dab tsi rau tus neeg xa khoom
Kev huv RFQ ua kom luv luv lub voj voog ntawm cov lus hais los ntawm lub lis piam mus rau hnub. Tus neeg muag khoom xav tau txhua yam hauv qab no los tsim lossis xaiv lub nplhaib ntiv nplhaib:
| Qeb | Cov ntaub ntawv xav tau |
|---|---|
| Daim ntawv thov | Turbine ntsuam xyuas, qauv (yog tias nthuav tawm), qhov chaw (onshore/coastal/offshore), tshiab tsim vs retrofit |
| Neeg kho tshuab | bore, txheej kab, ntev, mounting interface, rotational ceev (nruam thiab ncov), cable tawm |
| Lub zog hluav taws xob | Number of circuits, voltage, nruam thiab ncov tam sim no, AC / DC, zaus |
| Teeb liab circuits | Number of circuits, raws tu qauv (CAN, Profibus, EtherCAT, Ethernet, analogue), cov ntaub ntawv tus nqi, shielding yuav tsum |
| Earthing | Yuav tsum earthing tam sim no txoj kev, xob laim surge theem |
| Ib puag ncig | Qhov kub thiab txias, av noo, IP ntsuam xyuas, ntsev-mist yog muaj, chav kawm vibration |
| Kev tu | Kev cia siab rau lub sijhawm pabcuam, txhuam lub neej kev cia siab, nkag mus rau qhov txwv |
| Cov ntaub ntawv | Cov ntaub ntawv xeem yuav tsum tau (HV tiv taus, IR, tiv tauj tiv thaiv, ntsev tsuag, kev co), daim ntawv pov thawj, MTBF cov ntaub ntawv |
FAQ
Q: Dab tsi yog Cua Turbine Slip Ring?
A: Nws yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob uas hloov hluav taws xob, tswj cov teeb liab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov chaw ruaj khov ntawm cov cua turbine thiab ib qho kev sib hloov - feem ntau yog lub rotor hub (rau lub suab tswj) lossis, hauv DFIG cov cav tov, lub tshuab hluav taws xob rotor windings.
Q: Vim li cas Cua Turbine Slip Rings Fail?
A: Cov txheej txheem sib xws yog txhuam hnav thiab plua plav tsim, tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev sib kis lossis lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav qis, kev sib xyaw ua ke -tsav corrosion, kev co qaug zog ntawm cabling, thiab rwb thaiv tsev tawg. Feem ntau yog maj mam thiab kuaj tau nrog teem sijhawm tshuaj xyuas.
Q: Ntev npaum li cas yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas lub Cua Turbine Slip Ring?
A: Lub neej ua haujlwm tsim nyog yog kev kuaj pom txhua xyoo ntxiv rau kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob; Lub tshuab hluav taws xob txhuam cov nplhaib ntawm DFIG cov cav tov feem ntau xav tau txhuam ntev xyuas txhua 3-12 lub hlis nyob ntawm lub luag haujlwm. Lub sijhawm luv luv yuav tsum ua raws li tus neeg muag khoom phau ntawv thiab turbine OEM kev pabcuam sijhawm.
Q: Puas yog Fiber Txhuam Txhuam Ntiv Nplhaib Zoo dua li Carbon Txhuam Rau Cua Turbines?
A: Rau qis -tam sim no cov teeb liab thiab cov ntaub ntawv raws, yog - fiber ntau txhuam tsim yuav luag tsis muaj khib nyiab thiab muaj suab nrov heev. Rau siab -tam sim no lub suab los yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob excitation, carbon los yog hlau- graphite txhuam feem ntau yog qhov kev xaiv zoo dua. Niaj hnub nimno hub slip rings siv ob qho tib si, nyob rau hauv nyias seem ntawm tib lub rooj sib txoos.
Q: Puas Muaj Ib Lub Nplhaib Muaj Cov Nplhaib Siv Hauv Lub Cua Turbine?
A: Feem ntau tsis yog yam tsis muaj kev hloov kho. Turbines cuam tshuam kev co, condensation, ntsev pos huab (offshore), lub sij hawm ntev kev pab cuam, thiab sib xyaw fais fab / teeb liab kev khiav tsheb uas tshaj ib tug generic industrial spec. Txawm hais tias lub turbine- cov qauv catalog tshwj xeeb lossis kev sib dhos ua ke yog ib txwm xav tau.
Q: Cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi Yuav Tsum Muaj Cua Turbine Slip Nplhaib Chaw Muag Khoom?
A: Yam tsawg kawg nkaus: daim ntawv tshaj tawm kev ntsuas hluav taws xob (HV tiv taus, rwb thaiv tsev tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv), kev ntsuas ib puag ncig (kev vibration, kub, tshuaj tsuag ntsev yog nyob sab nraud), kev saib xyuas phau ntawv nrog cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas, daim ntawv teev cov khoom seem, thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau lub nplhaib thiab txhuam cov khoom.
Summary: Kho Slip Ring Selection as a Reliability Decision
Txoj cai cua turbine plam nplhaib yog ib qho uas phim lub turbine lub hnab ntawv hluav taws xob, muaj sia nyob nws ib puag ncig, haum rau qhov chaw siv tshuab, thiab txhawb nqa kev npaj kho qhov tseeb tshaj 20 xyoo. Feem ntau ntawm cov nqi uas tau txais qhov tsis ncaj ncees yog them tsis yog ntawm kev yuav khoom tab sis thaum thawj zaug uas tsis tau npaj ua ntej -ntaus mus ntsib.
Txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ib puag ncig, thiab kev siv tshuab ua ntej tham nrog cov neeg muag khoom. Nug cov ntawv xeem, tsis yog cov lus hais. Cais lub hwj chim thiab teeb liab sib cuag technologies nyob qhov twg lub rooj sib txoos tso cai rau nws. Thiab rau cov ntug dej hiav txwv los yog ntug dej hiav txwv, siv cov corrosion thiab sealing ntau dua li kev xaiv cov khoom siv - ntsev feem ntau yeej sib cav ua ntej txhuam.